Hydrostatic pressures and movements of the lamprey, Petromyzon, during suction, olfaction, and gill ventilation

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Abstract
Sucker pressures are negative relative to ambient pressure, except for the sucker's anterior periphery, where positive pressures prevail. Pressures associated with small rhythmic as well as large sporadic branchial movements are transmitted to the sucker and naris. However, sucker pressures (as great as −90 to 110 cm H2O) associated with tongue movements are not transmitted to the naris or gill pouches. Manual abduction of the sucker caused suction to exceed −120 cm H2O before disengagement. The complex sucker pressure waveform suggests that it is generated by branchial movements combined with some other factors, as yet unknown. During quiet breathing there is no apparent intermixing of water between different gill pouches via their internal confluence with the water tube.

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