Inhaled Insulin and the Dream of a Needle-Free Insulin Application

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Abstract
A few years after the discovery of insulin, [ Heubner et al. (1924) ] and [ Gänsslen (1925) ] already published studies on insulin administration by inhalation in Klinische Wochenschrift (see Fig. [ 1 ]). Now, 80 years later, the dream of a needle-free insulin delivery system appears to be becoming reality. On March 4, 2004, Pfizer Inc. and Aventis Pharma publicly announced that they had submitted an application for a European license for the inhaled insulin preparation, Exubera®, and that the application had been accepted by the Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA), the regulatory authority of the European Union. Although this does not necessarily mean that inhaled human insulin will be available soon, the procedures for a European license are now underway. On March 18, 2004 the “Exubera End of Study Meeting” for the studies 1001 and 1002 took place in Monte Carlo, Monaco, with more than 100 participating investigators from 16 countries including the undersigned. Fig. 1 The first 2 publications on the inhalation of insulin in Klinische Wochenschrift in 1924 and 1925.

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