Are vitamin and mineral deficiencies a major cancer risk?

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Abstract
Acute deficiencies of vitamins and minerals are rare in developed countries, but suboptimal nutrient intake — less than the recommended daily allowance (RDA) — is a widespread problem. Research indicates that considerable metabolic damage can still occur when nutrient intake levels fall below the RDA — even though they might not cause acute disease. Evidence indicates that deficiencies of iron and zinc, and the vitamins folate, B12, B6 and C, can cause DNA damage and lead to cancer. New animal bioassays of nutritional deficiencies are needed, particularly for studying cancer. Reduced folate intake has been associated with cancer. Folate, B6 and B12 deficiencies cause the incorporation of deoxyuracil into DNA, leading to DNA breakage, and could promote tumorigenesis. The relationship of vitamin and mineral deficiencies and cancer is extremely complex. An integrated analysis of the findings from epidemiological, animal-model, metabolic and intervention studies, as well as from genetic polymorphism research, is required. Approaches to eliminating micronutrient deficiencies include improving diet, fortifying foods and providing multivitamin and mineral supplements. Prevention strategies such as these could have a significant impact on cancer and public health, with minimal risk being involved.