Endocrinology and osteoporosis

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Abstract
In the 40 years or so since Albright & Reifenstein (1948) noted the association of osteoporosis with hypogonadism in both females and males, much has been learnt about the actions of hormones on bone and the endocrine causes of osteoporosis. Whilst subsequent work has underlined the importance of sex steroids in the maintenance of skeletal integrity, it is apparent that osteoporosis is multifactorial in origin and that non-hormonal factors are also involved in the pathogenesis of bone loss. Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mass in the skeleton, associated with an increased risk of fracture. The bone mass at any age, and therefore the risk of fracture, is determined by three variables: the bone mass at maturity, the age at which bone loss commences and the rate at which it proceeds (Riggs & Melton, 1986). The peak bone mass at maturity is regulated by sex, race, other genetic

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