Sampling techniques for power swing, phase angle and power factor measurements†

Abstract
This paper describes a few sampling techniques for the measurement of the severity of synchronizing swings in comparison with the phase angle and power factor in a power system. The techniques are based on the principle of amplitude and phase angle comparison. The measurement is done in a static circuitry by comparing the system voltage with the voltage at the generating end (or current for phase angle measurement) and the output is fed to a slave device which takes the required action.

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