Stacking Faults in the Kaolin-Group Minerals: Defect Structures of Kaolinite

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Abstract
Previous studies of the defect structure of kaolinite have examined samples having a restricted level of defects. This study examined nine kaolinite samples having a large diversity of defect contents, as indicated by Hinckley indexes ranging from 1.44 to 0.18. The samples were chosen so as to cover this range in as regular a manner as possible. The types and abundances of the defects were determined by examining the X-ray powder diffraction profiles for the 02,11 and 20,13 bands. The diffraction intensities were measured by counting for a fixed time in steps of 0.01°2θ. Analysis of these diffraction profiles indicated that (1) the major defect is the existence of a translation between adjacent layers, which is not the usual (approximately a/3), but is related to that translation by the pseudo-mirror plane coincident with the long diagonal of the unit cell; (2) the existence of a few C layers among the B layer stacking is a minor defect; (3) many of the samples could be accurately modeled only by assuming the existence of two kaolinite phases; (4) the existence of only a few C layers in some samples does not support the idea of a continuous series from kaolinite to dickite through disordered intermediates; and (5) the Hinckley indexes of several samples depend on the relative proportions of the two types of kaolinite in the mixture.The nine kaolinite samples fall into three groups: those having a low to moderate abundance of defects (Hinckley index > 0.43) are mixtures of two types of kaolinite (one almost free of defects, the other richer in defects); those having low Hinckley indexes (0.43 to 0.18) are single phases with different proportions of defects; and those which contain a single type of kaolinite, unlike the others in the nature of the interlayer translations and the greater abundance of C layers. The agreement between calculated and observed X-ray diffraction profiles is excellent for all specimens, except one sample (from Charentes) for which the fit is acceptable but not perfect.