Potent 1,3-Disubstituted-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indoles as New Lead Compounds in Antifilarial Chemotherapy,

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Abstract
Substituted 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indoles (β-carbolines), identified in our laboratory as potential pharmacophores for designing macrofilaricidal agents, have been explored further for identifying the pharmacophore responsible for the high order of adulticidal activity. This has led to syntheses and macrofilaricidal evaluations of a number of 1-aryl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate derivatives (3 − 7). The macrofilaricidal activity was initially evaluated in vivo against Acanthoeilonema viteae. Among all the synthesized compounds, only 12 compounds, namely 3 a, 3 c, 3 d, 3 f, 4 c, 4 d, 4 f, 5 a, 6 f, 6 h, 6 i, and 7 h, have exhibited either >90% micro- or macrofilaricidal activity or sterlization of female worms. These compounds have also been screened against Litomosoides carinii, and of these only 3 f and 5 a have also been found to be active. Finally these two compounds have been evaluated against Brugia malayi. The structure−activity relationship (SAR) associated with position 1 and 3 substituents in β-carbolines has been discussed. It has been observed that the presence of a carbomethoxy at position 3 and an aryl substituent at position 1 in β-carbolines effectively enhances antifilarial activity particularly against A. viteae. Among the various compounds screened, methyl 1-(4-methylphenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate (4 c) has shown the highest adulticidal activity and methyl 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate (3a) has shown the highest microfilaricidal action against A. viteae at 50 mg/kg × 5 days (ip). Another derivative of this compound, namely 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (5 a), exhibited the highest activity against L. carinii at 30 mg/kg × 5 days (ip) and against B. malayi at 50 mg/kg × 5 days (ip) or at 200 mg/kg × 5 days (po).