Clock-Transport Synchronization in Noninertial Frames and Gravitational Fields

Abstract
It is shown that electromagnetic and clock-transport synchronization procedures are not necessarily equivalent. In noninertial frames and in gravitational fields both procedures can be path dependent. Even for the same path ∼ 100 km above the Earth, the two procedures can give different errors, ∼ 89 μsec/day (clock-transport synchronization) and ∼ 60 μsec/day (electromagnetic synchronization).

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