The Effect of Orally Administered Melatonin on the Seasonality of Deer Pelage Exchange, Antler Development, LH, FSH, Prolactin, Testosterone, T3, T4, Cortisol, and Alkaline Phosphatase

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Abstract
Five milligrams of melatonin (M) per day was administered orally to four male white‐tailed deer on a schedule that mimicked first decreasing and then increasing lengths of natural photoperiod. The following seasonal phenotypic and hormonal responses were observed: 1) Pelage exchange, antler mineralization, velvet shedding, and rutting behavior of experimental animals were advanced by 50–55 days. 2) Prolactin (PRL) levels exhibited a bimodal curve with peaks in May and August, as compared to a monomodal curve of controls (peak in June). 3) Peak FSH levels of M‐fed deer were advanced 2 months as compared to controls (June vs August). 4) LH concentrations of both groups reached maxima in July; however, in the experimental group, LH levels declined much faster than in controls and then rose again in October‐November. 5) Testosterone (T) concentrations of M‐fed bucks were elevated 2 months ahead of controls. 6) Melatonin treatment had no significant effect on seasonal variation of T3, or T4. 7) No seasonal rhythm of cortisol was seen in either group and no detectable effect of M was evident. 8) No statistical differences in levels of alkaline phosphatase were seen between groups, although concentrations in experimental bucks sharply dropped to basal levels two months ahead of controls.