Tungsten Lamps of High Efficiency-I

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Abstract
1. The efficiency at which the larger sizes of tungsten lamps may be profitably run, is limited principally by the blackening of the bulb. 2. It has usually been considered that the blackening of ordinary lamps was due very largely, if not entirely, to the presence of residual gases. The evidence which has led to this belief is discussed. 3. The sources of gases within the lamp are studied, and the principal gases are found to be water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and vapors of hydrocarbons. 4. The specific effects produced by these and other gases are determined. It is found that water vapor, which has long been known to be harmful, is the only one that produces perceptible blackening of the bulbs. 5. The blackening by water vapor is due to a cyclic process in which the water oxidizes the tungsten and is itself reduced to atomic hydrogen. The tungsten oxide volatilizes and deposits on the bulb, where it is reduced by the atomic hydrogen to metallic tungsten and water vapor is again formed. 6. Attempts to materially improve the life of lamps by the more complete removal of water vapor result in failure. It is therefore concluded that, although water vapor is usually the cause of the short life of poorly exhausted lamps, yet it is not the cause of blackening in well exhausted lamps. 7.

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