MHC class II signal transduction in human dendritic cells induced by a natural ligand, the LAG-3 protein (CD223)

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Abstract
On encountering a danger signal, dendritic cells (DCs) undergo a complex maturation process and become specialized in antigen presentation. We previously reported that engagement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules located on immature DCs in membrane rafts by lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3; CD223) leads to DC maturation. In contrast, exposure of DCs to class II–specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) did not lead to maturation. Here, we have investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in the LAG-3–induced maturation of human monocyte-derived DCs. We first show that areas of raft aggregation (both cholesterol rich and CDw78 microdomains) could be visualized using a soluble LAG-3 protein and confocal microscopy. Engagement of class II molecules by both its natural ligand LAG-3 and class II mAb induces rapid protein phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) and p72syk as well as activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/Akt, p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Studies using inhibitors demonstrate that these 3 pathways are all important in inducing the maturation process of LAG-3–stimulated DCs. When class II molecules were ligated with LAG-3 versus specific antibody, differences in the phosphorylation pattern of c-Akt were observed. Thus, MHC class II signaling in DCs involves several pathways that have to be finely regulated to lead to cell activation and maturation.