Determination of oxidants formed upon the disinfection of drinking water with chlorine dioxide

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Abstract
The disinfection policy of the National Water Carrier (NWC) of Israel has recently been changed from chlorine to chlorine dioxide. One of the objectives was therefore to determine precisely all the inorganic products of such disinfection. It was found that none of the known analytical methods could satisfactorily solve this problem, determining all the inorganic species which were formed. The determination of all the oxidants became possible, however, when a few analytical methods or their combinations were applied simultaneously. The validity of the methods described in this study was further confirmed by the good balance that was obtained between the ClO2 applied and the total oxidants determined after various time intervals. The chlorite was consistently found to be about 65% of the ClO2 consumed. This was explained based on the polyphenolic nature of the hutnic substances that possess the majority of the organic content in the water of the NWC. The small amounts of chlorine which were determined explain the formation of some chloroorganic compounds that were found even when chlorine dioxide completely free of chlorine was used. The consumption of ClO2 and the production of ClO2 ‐ upon the disinfection of NWC Water was then studied using those described methods.