Acute inhibitory effect of alcohol on fibrinolysis

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Abstract
In contrast to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) with light to moderate alcohol consumption, heavy alcohol intake and binge drinking are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Alcohol has an acute and profound effect on fibrinolysis that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of CHD. The short-term effects of a low (two glasses, 250 mL, 20 g ethanol) and a high (six glasses, 750 mL, 60 g ethanol) intake of red wine were studied in male volunteers and compared to the intake of mineral water. To find a threshold for inhibition of fibrinolysis and to study a binge effect, a second experiment was performed comparing the intake of four (500 mL, 40 g ethanol) and eight (1000 mL, 80 g ethanol) glasses of red wine with mineral water. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasmin–antiplasmin (PAP) complexes and clot lysis time were measured. In contrast to the circadian rhythm with an enhanced fibrinolysis in the evening that was found in the mineral water group, an intake above four glasses of wine inhibited fibrinolysis significantly. After the intake of two glasses no significant disturbance of the circadian rhythm was observed. Five hours after the consumption of six glasses of wine, a dramatic increase occurred of PAI-1 antigen (77 ± 42 μg L−1 vs. − 5 ± 10 μg L−1 in the mineral water controls; P < 0·001) and PAI-1 activity (27 ± 15 U mL−1 vs. − 2 ± 3 U mL−1 in mineral water controls; P < 0·001). Despite a rise in t-PA antigen, t-PA activity dropped (− 0·5 ± 0·2 U mL−1 vs. − 0·1 ± 0·2 in controls; P < 0·001) as did PAP complexes (− 103 ± 55 μg L−1 vs. − 26 ± 57 μg L−1 in controls; P < 0·01). After the consumption of eight glasses of wine, the clot lysis assay indicated continued inhibition of fibrinolysis the following morning. Drinking a large amount of alcohol in the evening results in an acute inhibition of fibrinolysis, persisting the following morning. This may predispose to accelerated atherosclerosis and set the stage for thrombotic coronary events, explaining the higher cardiovascular mortality risk in binge drinkers.