Signal detectability in digital radiography: Spatial domain figures of merit

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Abstract
The usefulness of Fourier-based measures of imaging performance has come into question for the evaluation of digital imaging systems. Figures of merit such as detective quantum efficiency (DQE) based on Fourier domain parameters are relevant for linear, shift-invariant systems with stationary noise. However, no digital imaging system is shift invariant, and realistic images do not satisfy the stationarity condition. Our methods for the task-based evaluation of imaging systems, based on signal detectability in the spatial domain, do not require such assumptions. We have computed the performance of ideal and quasi-ideal observers for the task of signal detection in digital radiography. Signal detectability in terms of an observer signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) has been compared to results obtained from a Monte Carlo simulation of the digital image-acquisition process. The simulation incorporates the effects of random amplification and secondary quantum blur, integration over pixel area, and electronic noise. The observer figures of merit that have been previously shown to bracket human performance directly specify the usefulness of the images for the stated diagnostic task. In addition, the observer figures of merit give a task-dependent measure of imaging system efficiency in terms of the ratio of an output SNR2 to an input SNR2. Thus, the concept of "detective quantum efficiency" reappears in a natural way but based in the spatial domain and not dependent on shift invariance and stationarity assumptions. With respect to the optimum amount of system blur, our simulations indicate that under certain task-dependent conditions, large signals are fairly insensitive to blur in the x-ray transducer, while an optimum blur is found for small signals.