Myc-binding-site recognition in the human genome is determined by chromatin context

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Abstract
Large-scale chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies have been effective in unravelling the distribution of DNA-binding transcription factors along eukaryotic genomes1, but specificity determinants remain elusive. Gene-regulatory regions display distinct histone variants and modifications (or marks)2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15. An attractive hypothesis is that these marks modulate protein recognition16,17,18, but whether or not this applies to transcription factors remains unknown. Based on large-scale datasets2,19,20,21 and quantitative ChIP, we dissect the correlations between 35 histone marks and genomic binding by the transcription factor Myc. Our data reveal a relatively simple combinatorial organization of histone marks in human cells, with a few main groups of marks clustering on distinct promoter populations. A stretch of chromatin bearing high H3 K4/K79 methylation and H3 acetylation (or 'euchromatic island'), which is generally associated with a pre-engaged basal transcription machinery12,13, is a strict pre-requisite for recognition of any target site by Myc (whether the consensus CACGTG or an alternative sequence)22. These data imply that tethering of a transcription factor to restricted chromatin domains is rate-limiting for sequence-specific DNA binding in vivo.