Contribution to Activity of Histidine−Aromatic, Amide−Aromatic, and Aromatic−Aromatic Interactions in the Extended Catalytic Site of Cysteine Proteinases

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Abstract
Within the papain family of cysteine proteinases few other residues in addition to the catalytic triad, Cys25-His159-Asn175 (papain numbering), are completely conserved [Berti & Storer (1995) J. Mol. Biol. 246, 273−283]. One such residue is tryptophan 177 which participates in a Trp-His-type interaction with the catalytic His159. In all enzymes of this class for which a three-dimensional structure has been reported, an additional highly conserved tryptophan, Trp181, also interacts with Trp177 via an aromatic−aromatic interaction in which the planes of the indole rings are essentially perpendicular. Also, both indole rings participate as pseudo-hydrogen bond acceptors in interactions with the two side chain amide protons of Asn175. Clearly, the proximity of Trp177 and Trp181 to the catalytic triad residues His159 and Asn175 and their network of interactions points to potential contributions of these aromatic residues to catalysis. In this paper, using cathepsin S, a naturally occurring variant that has a phenylalanine residue at position 181, we report the kinetic characterization of mutations of residues 175, 177, and 181. The results are interpreted in terms of the side chain contributions to catalytic activity and thiolate−imidazolium ion-pair stability. For example, the side chain of Asn175 has a major influence on the ion-pair stability presumably through its hydrogen bond to His159. The magnitude of this effect is modulated by Trp177, which shields the His159−Asn175 hydrogen bond from solvent. The His159−Trp177 interaction also contributes significantly to ion-pair stability; however, Trp181 and its interactions with Asn175 and Trp177 do not influence ion-pair stability to a significant degree. The observation that certain mutations at positions 177 and 181 result in a reduction of kcat/Km but do not appear to influence ion-pair stability probably reflects the contributions of these residues to substrate binding.