Ascidian larval tunic: Extraembryonic structures influence morphogenesis

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Abstract
Summary The larval tunic of Corella inflata is composed of two cuticular layers, extracellular filaments and ground substance. It lies outside the epidermis and most of it is known to be produced by the epidermis. The dorsal, ventral and caudal fins are specialized parts of the tunic that are essential for larval locomotion. The following hypothesis was tested: Morphogenesis of the larval fins is dependent upon the presence of extraembryonic structures (test cells, chorion or follicle cells) before completion of the late tail bud stage of development. We tested this by dechorionating embryos of Corella inflata and Ascidia paratropa. The operation removes all extraembryonic structures. It was performed mainly on neurula, early tail-bud and late tail-bud stages. Fin formation is inhibited when neurulae are dechorionated but not when late tail-bud or older embryonic stages are dechorionated. Dechorionated neurulae produce all of the major components of the tunic (cuticular layers, filaments and ground substance) but they are unable to form functional fins. At the time of dechorionation, in all experiments, the embryos had no fins. Removal of the follicle cells does not inhibit fin formation. The test cells are known to secrete granular “ornaments” that attach to the surface of the tunic. The fibrous, acellular chorion may serve to contain the test cells and their products or products of the embryo that are not firmly attached. The test cells may induce or control the morphogenesis of the larval fins in ascidians before the late tail-bud stage of development. We suggest ways of testing this hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis.