Determining Continent of Origin of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Using Genetic Stock Identification Techniques: Status of Allozyme Baseline in Asia

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Abstract
A three-agency program was initiated in 1989 to develop a new multilocus genetic baseline for chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Japan and Russia for use in stock identification; allele frequencies at 77 allozyme loci are reported in 38 samples covering most of its north–south limits of distribution in Asia. In a 62-locus data set for 17 Japanese and 12 Russian samples, average heterozygosity ranged from 0.066 to 0.087 (mean 0.079) and the average number of P0.95 and P0.99 loci was 14 and 26, respectively. Tests of year-to-year variation in allele frequencies were not significant at five of six locations. For the P0.95 loci, FST values ranged from 0.007 (sMDH-B1*) to 0.154 (mAAT-2*) and averaged 0.038. A clear distinction between Russian and Japanese samples was observed at Nei's D = 0.006, and genetic differentiation generally followed a regional pattern within each country. Principal component analysis of the P0.95 loci revealed a large difference between Japanese and Russian samples. Four loci (sAAT-1,2*, mAAT-2*, LDH-A1*, and PEPLT*) had high loadings on the first two principal components. Analyses of a simulated fishery with 200 fish revealed a high degree of precision in estimating contributions to seven population groups and to country of origin.