Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of distinct gene expression patterns in colorectal cancer tissues harboring BRAF and K- ras mutations

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Abstract
Various types of human cancers harbor BRAF somatic mutations, leading researchers to seek molecular targets for BRAF inhibitors. A mutually exclusive relationship has been observed between the BRAF- V600E mutation and K- ras mutations, suggesting that the BRAF- V600E mutation may differ from the other BRAF mutant types. Here, we used microarray analysis to examine differences between the BRAF and K- ras mutant colorectal samples and within the BRAF group (V600E versus non-V600E), in the hope that the identified gene sets could form the basis for new target development. Eleven colorectal cancers (CRCs) with BRAF mutations and nine with K- ras mutations were examined by high-density microarray analysis. We also tested whether other significant genetic or clinical status involved in CRC development, such as APC and TP53 mutations, MSI and TNM-Duke's staging, were related with the observed BRAF - or K- ras associated expression profiles. Unsupervised two-way hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling revealed that the differentially expressed genes clustered according to the mutation status of BRAF and K- ras , and that samples with the BRAF- V600E and non-V600E mutants could be distinguished from each other by gene profiling. Examination of TNM–Duke's staging, MSI and mutations in APC and TP53 revealed that these significant mutations could not account for the hierarchical clustering results observed in our study. We herein identified distinct gene expression patterns and gene sets that may form the basis for identification of BRAF -targeting molecules or provide researchers with a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis underlying RAS–RAF signaling.