Pioneer 11 Saturn encounter

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Abstract
Pioneer 11, later named Pioneer Saturn, reached its point of closest approach to Saturn on September 1, 1979. Pioneer Saturn carried 11 operating scientific instruments. The 2.293‐GHz telemetry carrier was also used for a radio occultation experiment and a celestial mechanics experiment. The Pioneer Saturn scientific instruments, objectives, and principal investigators are listed in Table 1.Pioneer Saturn was launched April 5, 1973. The objectives of Pioneer Saturn and its companion spacecraft, Pioneer 10, were to penetrate the asteroid belt and to explore the environment of Jupiter. Following the successful encounter with Jupiter by Pioneer 10, Pioneer Saturn was targeted to encounter Jupiter on a trajectory that propelled the spacecraft back across the solar system to be the first spacecraft ever to encounter Saturn, nearly 5 years later.

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