Electron-optical Observation of Magnetic Flux Quanta in Superconductors by Decoration and Vortex Microscopy

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Abstract
The stray field modulation of magnetic flux in superconductors can be converted into an optical or electron optical contrast by various decoration techniques, which are reviewed. Thin films decorated in this way are analysed in a transmission, scanning, or scanning transmission electron microscope and permit one to study the configuration of the magnetic flux relative to the crystalline structure. Results of electron interferometer experiments on the flux quantization in small superconducting hollow cylinders, on the motion of single flux quanta, and on their pinning forces at grain boundaries, will be surveyed.

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