IMF By‐dependent plasma flow and Birkeland currents in the dayside magnetosphere: 1. Dynamics Explorer observations

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Abstract
Plasma, magnetic‐field and dc electric‐field observations from Dynamics Explorers 1 and 2 are used to investigate the morphology of solar‐wind ion injection, Birkeland currents, and plasma convection in the morning sector for both positive and negative interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By components. The results of the study are used to construct a By‐dependent global convection model for southward IMF. A significant element of the model is the coexistence of three types of convection cells (“merging cells,” “viscous cells,” and “lobe cells”). This model can account for observations of a nearly stationary (in local time) convection “throat,” a sunward‐antisunward convection reversal zone at the polar‐cap boundary in both the morning and afternoon quadrants, the morphology of solar‐wind ion injection and transport in the mid‐altitude polar cusp, and the By‐dependent dawn‐dusk asymmetry of polar‐cap electron fluxes.