Threshold Detection Using Indicator-Displacement Assays: An Application in the Analysis of Malate in Pinot Noir Grapes

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Abstract
The mathematics for modeling indicator-displacement assay isotherms is presented and contrasted to the classical host−guest binding isotherm. It is shown that the signal response can be tuned to occur closer to 1 equiv of guest relative to a standard binding algorithm. This delay in response leads to a better triggering protocol for threshold detection schemes. The determination of malate in Pinot Noir must was calculated using this new mathematical model, which demonstrates how a color change can be tuned to occur near a desired concentration of analyte.