Negative Electrodes for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries Obtained by Heat-Treatment of Petroleum Cokes below 1000°C

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Abstract
Two petroleum cokes heat-treated at different temperatures are used to prepare suitable electrode materials for both lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. A combined mass spectrometry-Fourier transform infrared study allows us to detect a significant content in linear-chain hydrocarbons, which gives an extra contribution to the irreversible reaction with the alkali metals. Thus, low-temperature treated samples have low efficiencies, although their working voltages are sufficiently high that lithium metal deposition is not a problem under normal operating conditions. For sodium cells, low-temperature cokes decrease their capacity in increasing temperature, resulting from the lack of true intercalation in the graphitic materials. Capacities higher than 100 mAh/g reported in sodium cells using these soft carbon electrodes. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.