Scandinavian Exceptionalism Reconsidered

Abstract
Examination of data on the four Nordic countries leads to a critique of two theories in the international literature about Scandinavian exceptionalism: (i) the Lipset and Rokkan stability hypothesis as reiterated by S. Bartolini and P. Mair and (ii) the idea of the Scandinavian model stability as stated by T. Tilton, H. Milner, M. Olson and G. Esping-Andersen. Increased volatility, the decline in partisan vote, mounting ungovernability at the national level and welfare state backlash have shattered the stable foundations of Nordic politics.

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