Negative refraction of modulated electromagnetic waves

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Abstract
We show that a modulated Gaussian beam undergoes negative refraction at the interface between a positive and negative refractive index material. While the refraction of the beam is clearly negative, the modulation interference fronts are not normal to the group velocity, and thus exhibit a sideways motion relative to the beam—an effect due to the inherent frequency dispersion associated with the negative index medium. In particular, the interference fronts appear to bend in a manner suggesting positive refraction, such that for a plane wave, the true direction of the energy flow associated with the refracted beam is not obvious.