A Coordinated Approach to Map Communication Improvement

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Abstract
Map communication improvement efforts fall into at least two basic categories: design modification and training of the user. Such efforts may have differential effects, not only on the specific task toward which they are directed but also on other related tasks. Tasks are here arranged into a hierarchical structure of three levels: (1) comparing individual pairs of symbols, (2) recognizing characteristics of groups of symbols, and (3) using the symbols as signals to information about what is represented. It is hypothesized that design modification tends to involve hierarchical transfer (affecting higher-level tasks involving the same symbol), at least between levels one and two, while training tends to involve lateral transfer (affecting tasks at the same level but with different symbols).

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