Effects of retinoic acid on chick tail bud development

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Abstract
The present study describes the teratogenic effects of retinoic acid (RA) on the development of the chick tail bud. Chick embryos were recovered 48 hours after treatment at HH stages 11 to 16 with various dosages of RA by subblastodermal injection. At the gross level, RA treatment resulted in varying degrees of caudal regression, scoliosis, limb malformations, and open posterior neuropores among the survivors. Histological examination of tail buds from treated embryos revealed defects which included total dysplasia of caudal structures, the presence of accessory neural tube and notochord tissue, and abnormal fusions of the notochord to the neural tube and tailgut. The incidence, severity, and location of the defects were dependent on the dose of the teratogen, and the stage of development at the time of treatment. The defects resembled those induced in previous studies by treatment with sialic acid binding lectins such as wheat germ agglutinin and limulus polyphemus lectin (Griffith and Wiley, '90b).