Hepatitis C virus mixed genotype infection in patients on haemodialysis

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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been classified into different genotypes/subtypes with demonstrated clinical implications. Whether there is biological difference between genotypes is unknown. We determined HCV genotype in 120 anti-HCV-positive patients with end-stage renal disease and on haemodialysis, by both serological assay (which showed evidence of previous exposure) and by two molecular assays: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and line-probe reverse hybridization (LiPA). In mixing experiments, RFLP and LiPA was able to detect the minor HCV genotypes (if present) in 5–30% and 1–2% of the viral population, respectively. Of the 120 patients studied, genotype-specific antibodies were detected in 50 (42%), and eight patients had reactivities to peptides derived from multiple genotypes (genotypes 1 and 2 and/or 3). Only genotype 1 infection was found by RFLP/LiPA in these eight patients with reactivities to multiple HCV genotypes. One-hundred and five of the 120 (88%) patients were positive for HCV RNA by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis and 14 were found to have mixed genotype infection. Follow-up serum samples (4–21 months later) were available in five patients (genotype 1a with another genotype/subtype). All five patients had a reduced number of HCV genotypes detected during follow-up; four of the five patients still had detectable genotype 1a, and one patient lost genotype 1a and was positive for genotype 2b only. These data showed that HCV mixed infection can be reliably detected by molecular methods and, in patients with end-stage renal disease and mixed genotype infection, there is a trend that during follow-up, HCV genotype 1 may prevail, or ‘take over’ the genotype 2 and 3 infection.