Bluetongue epidemiology in the Caribbean region: serological and entomological findings from a pilot sentinel system in Trinidad and Tobago

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Abstract
When monitored by the agar gel immunodiffusion test for antibody to bluetongue viruses, a sentinel flock of twenty-five lambs remained seropositive through the year, whereas in a sentinel herd of twenty calves only two individuals seroconverted and these became negative again within 2 months. A light trap operated with the calf herd yielded high numbers of Culicoides insignis Lutz (over 18,000 per trap night) along with C.filariferus Hoffman, C.pusillus Lutz, C.leopoldi Ortiz, C.foxi Ortiz, C.limai Barretto, C.diabolicus Hoffman and C.guyanensis Floch and Abonnenc. Culicoides were trapped at the sheep station which had housed the lambs 3 years following the sentinel study. No virus was isolated from pools of C.insignis, C.filariferus and C.pusillus. Six other species were collected in insufficient numbers to warrant attempted virus isolations.