Effector Organization and “Gradation” of Effort

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Abstract
It is proposed that an aspect of the effector organization process is the gradation of the response. Gradation was investigated in a hand cranking task by using strain-gauge and electromyographic recording techniques. Criteria of gradation were related to (a) the impulsive force at a particular point in the cycle of movement, (b) an index of the work done per unit of time, (c) the degree of muscle activity in each of the 6 muscles analyzed, and (d) an index of muscle activity based on the pen deflection of an EMG record. Further, two criteria of the organization of the force were employed — the force range and the consistency of the force range. None of the criteria of gradation was closely related to speed of performance, but the organizational criteria showed a trend toward being related to speed. The implications of these findings are discussed.