X-Ray Excited LMM Auger Spectra of Copper, Nickel, and Iron

Abstract
Photoelectron and Auger‐electron spectra are both obtained with x‐ray excitation. Using the photoelectron spectra as internal energy standards, the energies of the prominent LMM Auger lines in Cu, Ni, and Fe have been accurately determined. In addition, the photoelectron spectra provide a measure of the vacancy distribution created by the x rays among the three L subshells. Thus, knowing both the energy values and the vacancy distribution, we have assigned the three prominent Auger lines of Cu, Ni, and Fe to be of type L3MM rather than L2MM.