Vibration Spectroscopy Reveals Light-Induced Chromophore and Protein Structural Changes in the LOV2 Domain of the Plant Blue-Light Receptor Phototropin 1

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Abstract
Phototropins (phot1 and phot2), the plant blue-light receptors for phototropism, chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening, are flavoproteins that contain two ∼12 kDa FMN-binding domains, LOV1 and LOV2, at their N-terminus, and a serine/threonine protein kinase domain at their C-terminus. The light-activated LOV2 domain forms a metastable intermediate which has been shown to be a protein−chromophore cysteinyl adduct (Cys39) at C(4a) of FMN. This species thermally relaxes back to the ground state in the dark. We measured the light-minus-dark FTIR difference spectra for the LOV2 domain of oat phot1. These spectra show the disappearance of bands at 1580, 1550, and 1350 cm-1 that originate from, or are strongly coupled to, the N5C(4a) stretching vibrations, consistent with the perturbations expected upon C(4a) adduct formation. Assignment of these negative difference FTIR bands to native chromophore vibrations is based on the alignment with resonance Raman bands of FMN. Prominent positive bands include a doublet at 1516 and 1536 cm-1 and one at 1375 and 1298 cm-1. Normal-mode vibrational-frequency calculations for both lumiflavin and lumiflavin with a sulfur attached at the C(4a) position agree with many of the positive and negative bands observed in the difference spectra. Both calculated and experimental difference FTIR spectra for deuterium isotope substitutions at exchangeable positions in the flavin chromophore are consistent with the assignment of the above positive bands to vibrational modes involving both the newly formed tetrahedral geometry of C(4a) and the N5−H bond in the long-lived LOV2S390 cysteinyl species.