Human polyomavirus JC latency and reactivation status in blood of HIV-1-positive immunocompromised patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

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Abstract
Human polyomavirus JC (JCV) induces human progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with AIDS. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV-1-positive immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients can harbour JCV genome, but their precise role in JCV latency or reactivation status before the onset of PML remains hypothetical. To assess JCV latency or reactivation status in PBMC of HIV-1-positive immunocompromised patients without PML. A group of 82 HIV-1-positive immunocompromised patients who did not have PML were compared with 10 patients with AIDS and PML and with 69 HIV-1-positive immunocompetent patients without PML. DNA and total RNA were extracted from PBMC. The presence of JCV DNA was demonstrated by a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By using primer pairs specific for an early gene, T, and a late gene, VP1, the expression of both early and late gene mRNA in PBMC could be identified using reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR. JCV DNA was detected by PCR in 17.4% of 69 HIV-1-positive immunocompetent patients, in 23.2% of 82 HIV-1-positive immunocompromised patients, and in 60% of 10 patients with AIDS and PML. No correlation could be drawn between the detection of JCV DNA in the PBMC and the clinical or biological status of the HIV-1-positive patients. By using RT-PCR procedures, no expression of JCV early and late mRNA in PBMC was found in any patients. JCV DNA is detectable in the PBMC of 20.5% of 151 HIV-1-infected patients independently of the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) stages of the infection. Moreover, our results suggest that active replication of JCV in PBMC appears to be absent or at least a very rare event in HIV-1-positive immunocompromised patients with and without PML.