Gas exchange responses of Chesapeake Bay tidal marsh species under field and laboratory conditions

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Abstract
Laboratory and field gas exchange measurements were made on C3 (Scirpus olneyi Gray) and C4 (Spartina patens (Ait.) Mahl., Distichlis spicata (L.) Green) species from an irregularly flooded tidal marsh on the Chesapeake Bay. Laboratory measurements were made on plants grown from root stocks that were transplanted to a greenhouse and grown under high light and high nutrient conditions. The two C4 species were similar in their laboratory gas exchange characteristics: both had higher net carbon exchange rates, higher mesophyll conductances, higher photosynthetic temperature optima and lower leaf conductances than the C3 species. The laboratory photosynthetic water use efficiency of the C4 species was approximately three times that of the C3 species. Field gas exchange responses of the above species were measured in situ a Chesapeake Bay tidal marsh. Despite differences in biological potential measured in the laboratory, all three species had similar in situ carbon exchange rates on a leaf area basis. On a dry weight basis, leaves of the two C4 species had about 1.4 times higher light saturated CO2 assimilation rates than the C3 species. Light saturation of CO2 exchange occurred at photosynthetic photon flux densities of 80 n Einstein cm-2s-1, compared with 160 n Einstein cm -2s-1 in the laboratory grown plants. Spartina patens and Scirpus olneyi had similar daily CO2 assimilation rates, but the daily transpiration rate of the C3 species was almost twice that of the C4 species. Spartina patens showed greater seasonal decrease in photosynthesis than Distichlis spicata and Scirpus olneyi. The two C4 grass species maintained higher mesophyll conductances and photosynthetic water use efficiencies than the C4 sedge.