Surgery for malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy

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Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are responsible for many cases of refractory epilepsy in adults and children. The results of surgical treatment are difficult to assess from the published literature. Judging from the limited number of adequately reported cases, approximately 40% of all cases of MCD treated surgically may be rendered seizure-free over a minimum 2-year follow-up period. This figure is the same for focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), the most common variety of MCD in surgical reports. In comparison with outcome for epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis, this figure is low. Part of the difference may be artificial and related to limited reporting. Much of the difference is likely to relate to the complex underlying biology of MCD. Analysis of epileptogenesis in MCD has been undertaken. Different types of MCD have different sequelae. Some varieties are intrinsically epileptogenic; these include FCD and heterotopia. Although in most cases, the visualized MCD lies within the region of brain responsible for generating seizures (the epileptogenic zone), it may not constitute the entire epileptogenic zone in all cases. For polymicrogyria and schizencephaly in particular, the visualized abnormalities are probably not the most important component of the epileptogenic zone. There is evidence that the epileptogenic zone is spatially distributed and also, in some cases, temporally distributed. These findings may explain poor surgical outcome and the inadequacy of current presurgical evaluative methods. New preoperative techniques offer the opportunity of improved presurgical planning and selection of cases more likely to be rendered seizure-free by current surgical techniques. Of paramount importance is improved reporting. The establishment of a central registry may facilitate this aim. Specific recommendations are made for surgical strategies based on current experience and understanding.