Cardiac dimensions in athletes in relation to variations in their training program

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Abstract
The cardiac dimensions of male long-distance runners (LDR) and cycle racers (CR) were determined echocardiographically during four different training seasons, i.e., a preparation, a competitive, a slowing-down and a resting season, and were compared with those of control subjects (CS). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was also assessed from the electrocardiogram. The maximal aerobic performance was determined on a bicycle ergometer. In the athletes, left ventricular mass was significantly greater in all seasons than the values in the CS. This difference resulted from a thicker interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall as well as a larger left ventricular internal diameter. The existence of LVH was confirmed by the electrocardiographic findings. No differences were observed between the four different training seasons, despite considerable changes in the training program for weeks to months. The maximal aerobic performance test in LDR showed a significantly higher workload during the competitive than during the preparation season. The CR reached significantly lower values during the resting season than during the other seasons. The results indicate that the possible adaptation of the cardiac dimensions to variations in the heaviness of the training program is relatively slow.