Surface charges in helium (a survey)

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Abstract
A survey is made of theoretical and experimental results obtained so far pertaining to the characteristics of surface charges at the helium liquid-vapor interphase boundary. The electron states above a plane helium surface are described; the theory of interaction between surface electrons and thermal surface excitations in liquid helium is presented, as is also the theory of self-localized electron states (surface anions) resulting from a deformation of the liquid-vapor interface; the discussion covers also a series of phenomena associated with the Wigner crystallization of a gas of surface electrons into a two-dimensional periodic lattice; and behavior characteristics of heavy ions in liquid helium near the liquid-vapor interface are discussed too.