Ocean-atmosphere energy exchange over thin, variable concentration Antarctic pack ice

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Abstract
Several recent studies have suggested that much of the winter-time Antarctic ice is thin (<0.3m). The presence of extensive areas of thin ice has a significant effect on ocean-atmosphere energy exchange. This is investigated using the Maykut (1978) thin-ice energy-budget model in a study for typical September Antarctic ice and climatic conditions. To study the sensitivity of turbulent heat loss to ice concentrations, the Maykut model is combined with an empirical parameterization for the turbulent fluxes from leads (Andreas, 1980) which takes account of the non-linear relationship between heat loss and lead width (or ice concentration). In this one-dimensional sensitivity study, a constant floe-size is assumed, and ice-concentration variations are simulated by changing the width of the leads between floes. The modelled results, for the floe size considered, indicate that at 80% ice concentration the turbulent heat loss through the thin ice component can be greater than that from leads. As concentration decreases, however, the fractional loss through the ice, and, hence, the ice-thickness distribution, becomes less significant. For the concentrations lower than 50%, there is little change in turbulent loss with further decrease in ice cover, as the atmosphere effectively “sees” open ocean.