Nosocomial Pneumonia: Pathogenesis and Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

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Abstract
Despite recent progress in the prevention and treatment of hospital-acquired infections, nosocomial pneumonia remains an important problem among critically ill patients. Nosocomial pneumonia develops in five to 10 patients per 1,000 admissions and has a mortality rate of 20%–50%. This review focuses on three areas of nosocomial pneumonia that have been the subject of investigation in recent years: (1) pathogenesis, especially the role of gastric colonization with gram-negative bacilli in retrograde pharyngeal spread; (2) diagnosis, particularly by means of bronchoalveolar lavage and the protected specimen brush during bronchoscopy; and (3) therapy with extended-spectrum penicillins, third-generation cephalosporins,imipenem, aztreonam, and quinolones.

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