Winter habitat use by ptarmigan, snowshoe hares, red foxes, and river otters in the boreal forest – tundra transition zone of western Quebec

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Abstract
We investigated species-habitat relationships of the midsized fauna inhabiting the transition zone between the boreal forest and forest tundra of subarctic Quebec. Data were collected during a winter aerial track survey of 46 randomly selected 25-km(2) plots. The presence of species tracks and habitat variables were recorded for each 1-km section of riparian edge habitat within a plot. Sections of non-riparian habitat were also surveyed. Logistic regression was used to construct habitat models for ptarmigan (Lagopus spp.), snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and river otters (Lutra canadensis). Species' habitat type selection was studied by comparing use and availability. Kendall's correlation coefficients were computed to analyze interrelations between variables. Significant logistic regressions were obtained for each species. The index of rank correlation between the observed responses and predicted probabilities for all pairs of observations ranged from 0.67 for ptarmigan to 0.84 for river otters. Species abundance was negatively associated with latitude except for that of snowshoe hare, which showed a stronger negative link with open habitat. For all species, distribution was not proportional to the frequency of occurrence of habitat types. Non-riparian habitat was either avoided or not significantly preferred by all species. Herbivorous species and river otter selected edge habitats along watercourses. Our study suggests that differences presented by the forest tundra and boreal forest are of importance for wildlife.

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