Induction of gastrointestinal tract nuclear anomalies in b6c3f1 mice by 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5h]‐furanone and 3,4‐(dichloro)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5h]‐furanone, mutagenic byproducts of chlorine disinfection

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Abstract
Two chlorinated hydroxylated furanones, 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5H]‐furanone (MX) and 3,4‐(dichloro)‐5‐hydroxy‐2[5H]‐furanone (MA), are bacterial mutagens and they are also byproducts of chlorine disinfection, and frequent contaminants of drinking water. In this work MX is shown to induce nuclear anomalies in the gastrointestinal tract of the B6C3F1 mouse. The other chlorohydroxy‐furanone, MA, gives suggestive evidence of activity. In this bioassay MX was approximately equivalent in potency to epichlorohydrin (ECH) but was much less potent than methylnitrosourea (MNU). The latter two chemicals are confirmed rodent gastrointestinal tract carcinogens. The duodenum was the most sensitive tissue responding with both increased numbers of nuclear anomalies per mouse and increased incidence of animals presenting the nuclear aberrations 24 hr after a single oral dose of 0.37 mmol/kg−1 of MX. MA also induced a significant increase in duodenal nuclear anomalies, but only at the highest dose (0.46 mmol/kg−1). The proximal colon and fore‐stomach responded to MX but not MA. This is the first study demonstrating that chlorohydroxy‐furanones are capable of inducing nuclear toxicity in vivo. However, it is clear, for MX at least, that its potency in the gastrointestinal tract nuclear anomalies assay is not commensurate with its extreme bacterial mutagenicity. Since the gastrointestinal tract tissues are directly exposed to orally administered genotoxins, one possible explanation for the weak response observed in this study could be that mammalian cells can effectively detoxify chlorohydroxyfuranones.

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