Why Vote for Losers?

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Abstract
Voting Theory generally concludes that -in first-past-the-post elections- 1) All votes should go to effective candidates (Duverger's Law); 2) Parties' platforms should converge (Median Voter Theorem). Observations, though, suggest that such predictions are not met in practice. We show that divergence and dispersion of votes is a natural election outcome when there is uncertainty and repetition of elections. "Voting for Losers" increases the informational content of elections, and forces main parties to relocate towards extremists. As a result, parties maximize their probability of being elected, not by converging to the median but by diverging to a certain extent. Ideological behavior (divergence) results then from optimizing considerations alone.

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