Control of the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3‐F442A cells by retinoic acid, dexamethasone, and insulin: A topographic analysis

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Abstract
Differentiation of 3T3‐F442A adipocytes, monitored by accumulation of neutral lipid and by using the sensitive marker glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, is inhibited by incubation of confluent 3T3‐F442A fibroblasts in medium containing retinoic acid or dexamethasone. When added together, dexamethasone (0.25 μM) potentiates about 50‐fold the inhibitory effect of retinoic acid (10 μM). Insulin cannot counteract the retinoic acid blockade; however, it can overcome the inhibition of differentiation elicited by dexamethasone. These differential effects of insulin are used for characterizing the adipose conversion cycle. We describe cell culture conditions where terminal differentiation of 3T3‐F442A preadipocytes is achieved by low, physiological levels of insulin. They include the switch from a high‐serum medium containing isobutyl methyl xanthine and dexamethasone to a serum‐free, hormone‐supplemented medium. The data reported establish the existence of two successive states for commitment to adipogenic differentiation: a first commitment point (CA) to differentiation which requires serum adipogenic factors, and a second commitment point (CH) controlled by lipogenic hormones, namely insulin, after which terminal maturation can resume. We demonstrate that retinoic acid can prevent and interrupt differentiation by blocking the cells within the early differentiation phase.