A revision of the Paectophyllini and Calyptophyllini: millipedes of the Middle East (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

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Abstract
The julid tribes Paectophyllini (syn.: Symphyoiulini, Catamicrophyllini) and Calyptophyllini are revised. The following genera and species of Paectophyllini are described or redescribed: Paectophyllum escherichii Verhoeff, 1898 (Turkey), P. ferrugineum n.sp. (Turkey), Macheiroiulus compressicauda Verhoeff, 1901 (Greece), M. martini n.sp. (Turkey), M. libicus Manfredi, 1939 (Libya), Catamicrophyllum caifanum Verhoeff, 1900 (Israel, Lebanon, Cyprus, Turkey, Iran), C. depressum n.sp. (Turkey), C. depressissimum n.sp. (Syria), C. caucasicum (Attems, 1901) n. comb. (Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaidjan), C. tholicolepis n.sp. (Iran), C. montanum Verhoeff, 1923 (Israel, Lebanon), C. hamuligerum Verhoeff, 1900 (Israel), C. mesorientale n.sp. (Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq), C. cat n.sp. (Turkey), C. strongylodactylon n.sp. (Turkey). Anuroleptophyllum Attems, 1901, is placed in synonymy of Catamicrophyllum Verhoeff, 1900. C. genezarethanum Verhoeff, 1923 is a questionable synonym of C. montanum. Supplementary notes are given on Symphyoiulus impartitus (Karsch, 1888) and Mesomeritius indivisus Enghoff, 1990 which also belong to Paectophyllini but were described in a previous paper. Calyptophyllini includes only the genus Calyptophyllum Brolemann, 1922 (= Turkoiulus Verhoeff, 1941, n.syn.) with the species C. bipenicilligerum n.sp. (Turkey), C. trapezolepis n.sp. (Turkey), C. furcatum n.sp. (Iran), C. pseudohamuligerum n.sp. (Iraq), C. digitatum n.sp. (Iraq), C. browni Kraus, 1959 (Iraq), C. biramum Attems, 1951 (Iran), C. obvolvatum Brolemann, 1922 (Iran), C. integrum Brolemann, 1922 (Iran), and C. longiventre (Verhoeff, 1941), n. comb. (Turkey). Paectophyllini and Calyptophyllini are shown to be sister-groups. Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within each tribe are analysed cladistically. Turkey (+ Greece) is shown to constitute the probable ‘ancestral area’ of the 2-tribe clade, Paectophyllini being centred in W. Turkey (+ Greece), Calyptophyllini in E. Turkey. More or less congruent distribution patterns are recorded from 2 other groups of Diplopoda, and the possible geological cause for the pattern is discussed.