Targeting lymphocyte activation through the lymphotoxin and LIGHT pathways

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Abstract
Summary: Cytokines mediate key communication pathways essential for regulation of immune responses. Full activation of antigen‐responding lymphocytes requires cooperating signals from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related cytokines and their specific receptors. LIGHT, a lymphotoxin‐β (LTβ)‐related TNF family member, modulates T‐cell activation through two receptors, the herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) and indirectly through the LT‐β receptor. An unexpected finding revealed a non‐canonical binding site on HVEM for the immunoglobulin superfamily member, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), and an inhibitory signaling protein suppressing T‐cell activation. Thus, HVEM can act as a molecular switch between proinflammatory and inhibitory signaling. The non‐canonical HVEM–BTLA pathway also acts to counter LTβR signaling that promotes the proliferation of antigen‐presenting dendritic cells (DCs) within lymphoid tissue microenvironments. These results indicate LTβ receptor and HVEM–BTLA pathways form an integrated signaling circuit. Targeting these cytokine pathways with specific antagonists (antibody or decoy receptor) can alter lymphocyte differentiation and activation. Alternately, agonists directed at their cell surface receptors can restore homeostasis and potentially reset immune and inflammatory processes, which may be useful in treating autoimmune and infectious diseases and cancer.