A time-of-flight detection system for near threshold photoelectron spectroscopy

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Abstract
A time‐of‐flight detection system and apparatus have been developed to obtain photoelectron spectra for electron energies between 0 and 1 eV. This method has the advantage of collecting and analyzing photoelectrons of all energies simultaneously and therefore compensating for low signal levels due to low light intensities or small ionization cross sections. The collection efficiency and energy resolution are highest for electrons with near zero kinetic energy (≤100 meV). This technique has made it possible to obtain photoelectron spectra with a continuum light source dispersed by a monochromator. It is thus particularly useful for the study of autoionization events. Also presented are calculated potentials in 3‐dimensional rectangular acceleration regions and the effect of initial kinetic energy on space focusing in nonconstant electric fields.

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