Altered Growth, Hypoglycemia, Hypoalaninemia, and Ketonemia in the Young Rat: Postnatal Consequences of Intrauterine Growth Retardation

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Abstract
We characterized some of the consequences of intrauterine growth retardation in rat pups growth retarded [small for gestational age (SGA)] due to bilateral maternal uterine artery ligation. Pups of sham and nonoperated (normal) mothers served as controls. SGA pups had significantly reduced body and carcass mass throughout the study while body mass did not differ between sham and normal pups after 4 days. Brain mass was similar in the three groups at any age, while at 21 days and later, SGA liver weight as % body mass exceeded that of sham or normals. At 21 days, a 48-h fast reduced plasma glucose significantly in SGA compared to sham and normal pups; SGA plasma insulin was decreased and glucagon increased. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity and glycogen content were similar among groups. SGA pups did have significantly reduced plasma alanine and elevated betahydroxybutyrate levels. No differences in the responses to fasting occurred at 28 or 35 days. These data indicate that intrauterine growth retardation has profound effects on postnatal growth and metabolism.