Instability of a Smooth-Planar Solid–Liquid Interface on an Ice Crystal Growing from a Melt

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Abstract
The solid–liquid interface morphology of an ice crystal was observed during upward vertical growth as a function of the freezing rate and the initial impurity concentration of NaCl. The following changes in morphology were seen: smooth-planar interface → low density irregular "lines" on vertical C axis (CV) and "lines" parallel to the basal planes on horizontal C axis (CH) crystals → high density of these "lines" → high density of thin "steps" on the CV and "dots" and "ridges" on the CH crystals → low density of thick steps on the CV and vertical platelets on the CH crystals. This instability of smooth-planar interface morphology cannot apparently be accounted for by constitutional supercooling theory, and the recent perturbation theory of a smooth-planar interface can explain the existence of substructures ("steps", "dots", "lines") in some but not all cases. The majority of the experimental observations are not explained by these theories.

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