Effects of 17β-Estradiol and Grouping on Sex Determination of European Eels

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Abstract
We examined the effect of 17β-estradiol and social grouping on sex determination and growth of European eels (Anguilla anguilla). No difference was found in the growth of eels fed various concentrations of 17β-estradiol (0, 30, and 60 mg/kg) in their diet, but after 1 year, 70% of the eels fed 60 mg 17β-estradiol/kg were identified as female, compared with 32% of the eels fed 30 mg/kg and 26% of the 0-mg!kg control group. The influence of grouping and solitude on sex determination was tested in another experiment, in which human chorionic gonadotropin was used to induce gonad maturation in undifferentiated elvers. Of the fish maintained in groups, 77% became males, whereas 60% of those maintained in isolation became females. The implication is that both grouping and hormones are involved in sex determination of European eels.

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